There are numerous treatments for cancer. The aim of any treatment is to remove cancerous cells to try to ensure cancer doesn't return. This can be challenging because even if just one cancerous cell remains after treatment, it has the potential to create a new tumour. The main techniques used to treat cancer are listed below.
Surgery
Surgery is a common treatment option. However, the type of surgery a person has and when they have it depends on which cancer it is and what stage it's at. Surgery removes the tumour and some normal tissue surrounding it. The removed tissue is sent to a laboratory for analysis and the results help doctors to decide whether further treatment, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, is needed.
Chemotherapy
During chemotherapy, powerful medicine is used to kill cancerous cells. It can be given either as a tablet or directly into a vein, using an injection or infusion.
There are more than 100 different types of chemotherapy medication that can be used to treat hundreds of different types of cancer.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy, also known as radiation treatment, can also be used to treat many forms of cancer. It can be given outside the body by using X-rays, or inside the body using a liquid that's either swallowed or injected or by putting radioactive material in or close to the tumour. About half of all people with cancer have radiotherapy as part of their treatment plan.
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy works by lowering the levels of hormones in your body or by stopping their effects. Prostate cancer in particular needs testosterone to grow, and some breast cancers are stimulated by oestrogen or progesterone.
Biological therapy
Biological therapies are treatments that affect the processes that occur in cells. They can
stop cancerous cells dividing and growing to seek out and destroy cancerous cells
to encourage the immune system to attack cancerous cells (immunotherapy)
Interferon and interleukin are two substances that are sometimes used during immunotherapy to boost the immune system and help treat certain types of cancer, such as kidney cancer. Monoclonal antibodies directly target and attack specific proteins on cancerous cells. Angiogenesis inhibitors interfere with the development of blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen, which tumours need to survive.
Stem cell and bone marrow transplants
Stem cell and bone marrow transplants are often used to treat leukaemia (cancer of the blood cells) and lymphoma (cancer that develops in the lymphatic system).
Complementary and alternative therapies
Complementary therapies can be used alongside conventional cancer treatments. They can sometimes improve a person’s quality of life by helping them cope better with their cancer symptoms or the side effects of their cancer treatment. Examples of complementary therapies include acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage therapy and yoga. Alternative therapies are those used instead of conventional treatment, rather than in combination with them.
In the UK, up to one third of people with cancer (33%) use some sort of complementary therapy at some time during their illness. For some types of cancer, such as breast cancer, the number of people using complementary therapies is even higher at almost half (50%). People often use complementary therapies to help them feel better and cope with having cancer and treatment. Many complementary therapies concentrate on boosting relaxation and reducing stress. They may help to calm their emotions, relieve anxiety, and increase the general sense of health and well being.
Herbal medicine can boost their immune system and help fight their cancer. There is evidence that feeling good and reducing stress boosts the immune system
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